From cabca0aca8cfec5386ac52fac8a422da750fb3ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mitchell Hashimoto <m@mitchellh.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Oct 2025 08:56:07 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 1/6] terminal: unify palette functionality into shared type
 DynamicPalette

---
 src/inspector/cell.zig           |   4 +-
 src/inspector/cursor.zig         |   4 +-
 src/renderer/generic.zig         |   2 +-
 src/terminal/Terminal.zig        |  34 +++--
 src/terminal/color.zig           | 208 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 src/terminal/formatter.zig       |  38 +++---
 src/terminal/stream_readonly.zig |  52 +++-----
 src/termio/Termio.zig            |  15 +--
 src/termio/stream_handler.zig    |  29 ++---
 9 files changed, 288 insertions(+), 98 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/inspector/cell.zig b/src/inspector/cell.zig
index 9a3112bdd..b2dc59fef 100644
--- a/src/inspector/cell.zig
+++ b/src/inspector/cell.zig
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ pub const Cell = struct {
         switch (self.style.fg_color) {
             .none => cimgui.c.igText("default"),
             .palette => |idx| {
-                const rgb = t.color_palette.colors[idx];
+                const rgb = t.colors.palette.current[idx];
                 cimgui.c.igValue_Int("Palette", idx);
                 var color: [3]f32 = .{
                     @as(f32, @floatFromInt(rgb.r)) / 255,
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ pub const Cell = struct {
         switch (self.style.bg_color) {
             .none => cimgui.c.igText("default"),
             .palette => |idx| {
-                const rgb = t.color_palette.colors[idx];
+                const rgb = t.colors.palette.current[idx];
                 cimgui.c.igValue_Int("Palette", idx);
                 var color: [3]f32 = .{
                     @as(f32, @floatFromInt(rgb.r)) / 255,
diff --git a/src/inspector/cursor.zig b/src/inspector/cursor.zig
index be1cd63fe..37ec412e9 100644
--- a/src/inspector/cursor.zig
+++ b/src/inspector/cursor.zig
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ pub fn renderInTable(
     switch (cursor.style.fg_color) {
         .none => cimgui.c.igText("default"),
         .palette => |idx| {
-            const rgb = t.color_palette.colors[idx];
+            const rgb = t.colors.palette.current[idx];
             cimgui.c.igValue_Int("Palette", idx);
             var color: [3]f32 = .{
                 @as(f32, @floatFromInt(rgb.r)) / 255,
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ pub fn renderInTable(
     switch (cursor.style.bg_color) {
         .none => cimgui.c.igText("default"),
         .palette => |idx| {
-            const rgb = t.color_palette.colors[idx];
+            const rgb = t.colors.palette.current[idx];
             cimgui.c.igValue_Int("Palette", idx);
             var color: [3]f32 = .{
                 @as(f32, @floatFromInt(rgb.r)) / 255,
diff --git a/src/renderer/generic.zig b/src/renderer/generic.zig
index 9e13d0b41..9d4e14ea7 100644
--- a/src/renderer/generic.zig
+++ b/src/renderer/generic.zig
@@ -1258,7 +1258,7 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime GraphicsAPI: type) type {
                     .mouse = state.mouse,
                     .preedit = preedit,
                     .cursor_style = cursor_style,
-                    .color_palette = state.terminal.color_palette.colors,
+                    .color_palette = state.terminal.colors.palette.current,
                     .scrollbar = scrollbar,
                     .full_rebuild = full_rebuild,
                 };
diff --git a/src/terminal/Terminal.zig b/src/terminal/Terminal.zig
index 2201a324c..64cda5ee3 100644
--- a/src/terminal/Terminal.zig
+++ b/src/terminal/Terminal.zig
@@ -73,17 +73,8 @@ scrolling_region: ScrollingRegion,
 /// The last reported pwd, if any.
 pwd: std.ArrayList(u8),
 
-/// The default color palette. This is only modified by changing the config file
-/// and is used to reset the palette when receiving an OSC 104 command.
-default_palette: color.Palette = color.default,
-
-/// The color palette to use. The mask indicates which palette indices have been
-/// modified with OSC 4
-color_palette: struct {
-    const Mask = std.StaticBitSet(@typeInfo(color.Palette).array.len);
-    colors: color.Palette = color.default,
-    mask: Mask = .initEmpty(),
-} = .{},
+/// The color state for this terminal.
+colors: Colors,
 
 /// The previous printed character. This is used for the repeat previous
 /// char CSI (ESC [ <n> b).
@@ -134,6 +125,23 @@ flags: packed struct {
     dirty: Dirty = .{},
 } = .{},
 
+/// The various color configurations a terminal maintains and that can
+/// be set dynamically via OSC, with defaults usually coming from a
+/// configuration.
+pub const Colors = struct {
+    background: color.DynamicRGB,
+    foreground: color.DynamicRGB,
+    cursor: color.DynamicRGB,
+    palette: color.DynamicPalette,
+
+    pub const default: Colors = .{
+        .background = .unset,
+        .foreground = .unset,
+        .cursor = .unset,
+        .palette = .default,
+    };
+};
+
 /// This is a set of dirty flags the renderer can use to determine
 /// what parts of the screen need to be redrawn. It is up to the renderer
 /// to clear these flags.
@@ -199,6 +207,7 @@ pub const Options = struct {
     cols: size.CellCountInt,
     rows: size.CellCountInt,
     max_scrollback: usize = 10_000,
+    colors: Colors = .default,
 
     /// The default mode state. When the terminal gets a reset, it
     /// will revert back to this state.
@@ -212,7 +221,7 @@ pub fn init(
 ) !Terminal {
     const cols = opts.cols;
     const rows = opts.rows;
-    return Terminal{
+    return .{
         .cols = cols,
         .rows = rows,
         .active_screen = .primary,
@@ -226,6 +235,7 @@ pub fn init(
             .right = cols - 1,
         },
         .pwd = .empty,
+        .colors = opts.colors,
         .modes = .{
             .values = opts.default_modes,
             .default = opts.default_modes,
diff --git a/src/terminal/color.zig b/src/terminal/color.zig
index b71279dbb..e4b71fe63 100644
--- a/src/terminal/color.zig
+++ b/src/terminal/color.zig
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+const colorpkg = @This();
+
 const std = @import("std");
 const assert = std.debug.assert;
 const x11_color = @import("x11_color.zig");
@@ -45,6 +47,97 @@ pub const default: Palette = default: {
 /// Palette is the 256 color palette.
 pub const Palette = [256]RGB;
 
+/// A palette that can have its colors changed and reset. Purposely built
+/// for terminal color operations.
+pub const DynamicPalette = struct {
+    /// The current palette including any user modifications.
+    current: Palette,
+
+    /// The original/default palette values.
+    original: Palette,
+
+    /// A bitset where each bit represents whether the corresponding
+    /// palette index has been modified from its default value.
+    mask: Mask,
+
+    const Mask = std.StaticBitSet(@typeInfo(Palette).array.len);
+
+    pub const default: DynamicPalette = .init(colorpkg.default);
+
+    /// Initialize a dynamic palette with a default palette.
+    pub fn init(def: Palette) DynamicPalette {
+        return .{
+            .current = def,
+            .original = def,
+            .mask = .initEmpty(),
+        };
+    }
+
+    /// Set a custom color at the given palette index.
+    pub fn set(self: *DynamicPalette, idx: u8, color: RGB) void {
+        self.current[idx] = color;
+        self.mask.set(idx);
+    }
+
+    /// Reset the color at the given palette index to its original value.
+    pub fn reset(self: *DynamicPalette, idx: u8) void {
+        self.current[idx] = self.original[idx];
+        self.mask.unset(idx);
+    }
+
+    /// Reset all colors to their original values.
+    pub fn resetAll(self: *DynamicPalette) void {
+        self.* = .init(self.original);
+    }
+
+    /// Change the default palette, but preserve the changed values.
+    pub fn changeDefault(self: *DynamicPalette, def: Palette) void {
+        self.original = def;
+
+        // Fast path, the palette is usually not changed.
+        if (self.mask.count() == 0) {
+            self.current = self.original;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        // There are usually less set than unset, so iterate over the changed
+        // values and override them.
+        var current = def;
+        var it = self.mask.iterator(.{});
+        while (it.next()) |idx| current[idx] = self.current[idx];
+        self.current = current;
+    }
+};
+
+/// RGB value that can be changed and reset. This can also be totally unset
+/// in every way, in which case the caller can determine their own ultimate
+/// default.
+pub const DynamicRGB = struct {
+    override: ?RGB,
+    default: ?RGB,
+
+    pub const unset: DynamicRGB = .{ .override = null, .default = null };
+
+    pub fn init(def: RGB) DynamicRGB {
+        return .{
+            .override = null,
+            .default = def,
+        };
+    }
+
+    pub fn get(self: *const DynamicRGB) ?RGB {
+        return self.override orelse self.default;
+    }
+
+    pub fn set(self: *DynamicRGB, color: RGB) void {
+        self.current = color;
+    }
+
+    pub fn reset(self: *DynamicRGB) void {
+        self.current = self.default;
+    }
+};
+
 /// Color names in the standard 8 or 16 color palette.
 pub const Name = enum(u8) {
     black = 0,
@@ -456,3 +549,118 @@ test "RGB.parse" {
     try testing.expectError(error.InvalidFormat, RGB.parse("#fffff"));
     try testing.expectError(error.InvalidFormat, RGB.parse("#gggggg"));
 }
+
+test "DynamicPalette: init" {
+    const testing = std.testing;
+
+    var p: DynamicPalette = .init(default);
+    try testing.expectEqual(default, p.current);
+    try testing.expectEqual(default, p.original);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 0), p.mask.count());
+}
+
+test "DynamicPalette: set" {
+    const testing = std.testing;
+
+    var p: DynamicPalette = .init(default);
+    const new_color = RGB{ .r = 255, .g = 0, .b = 0 };
+
+    p.set(0, new_color);
+    try testing.expectEqual(new_color, p.current[0]);
+    try testing.expect(p.mask.isSet(0));
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 1), p.mask.count());
+
+    try testing.expectEqual(default[0], p.original[0]);
+}
+
+test "DynamicPalette: reset" {
+    const testing = std.testing;
+
+    var p: DynamicPalette = .init(default);
+    const new_color = RGB{ .r = 255, .g = 0, .b = 0 };
+
+    p.set(0, new_color);
+    try testing.expect(p.mask.isSet(0));
+
+    p.reset(0);
+    try testing.expectEqual(default[0], p.current[0]);
+    try testing.expect(!p.mask.isSet(0));
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 0), p.mask.count());
+}
+
+test "DynamicPalette: resetAll" {
+    const testing = std.testing;
+
+    var p: DynamicPalette = .init(default);
+    const new_color = RGB{ .r = 255, .g = 0, .b = 0 };
+
+    p.set(0, new_color);
+    p.set(5, new_color);
+    p.set(10, new_color);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 3), p.mask.count());
+
+    p.resetAll();
+    try testing.expectEqual(default, p.current);
+    try testing.expectEqual(default, p.original);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 0), p.mask.count());
+}
+
+test "DynamicPalette: changeDefault with no changes" {
+    const testing = std.testing;
+
+    var p: DynamicPalette = .init(default);
+    var new_palette = default;
+    new_palette[0] = RGB{ .r = 100, .g = 100, .b = 100 };
+
+    p.changeDefault(new_palette);
+    try testing.expectEqual(new_palette, p.original);
+    try testing.expectEqual(new_palette, p.current);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 0), p.mask.count());
+}
+
+test "DynamicPalette: changeDefault preserves changes" {
+    const testing = std.testing;
+
+    var p: DynamicPalette = .init(default);
+    const custom_color = RGB{ .r = 255, .g = 0, .b = 0 };
+
+    p.set(5, custom_color);
+    try testing.expect(p.mask.isSet(5));
+
+    var new_palette = default;
+    new_palette[0] = RGB{ .r = 100, .g = 100, .b = 100 };
+    new_palette[5] = RGB{ .r = 50, .g = 50, .b = 50 };
+
+    p.changeDefault(new_palette);
+
+    try testing.expectEqual(new_palette, p.original);
+    try testing.expectEqual(new_palette[0], p.current[0]);
+    try testing.expectEqual(custom_color, p.current[5]);
+    try testing.expect(p.mask.isSet(5));
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 1), p.mask.count());
+}
+
+test "DynamicPalette: changeDefault with multiple changes" {
+    const testing = std.testing;
+
+    var p: DynamicPalette = .init(default);
+    const red = RGB{ .r = 255, .g = 0, .b = 0 };
+    const green = RGB{ .r = 0, .g = 255, .b = 0 };
+    const blue = RGB{ .r = 0, .g = 0, .b = 255 };
+
+    p.set(1, red);
+    p.set(2, green);
+    p.set(3, blue);
+
+    var new_palette = default;
+    new_palette[0] = RGB{ .r = 50, .g = 50, .b = 50 };
+    new_palette[1] = RGB{ .r = 60, .g = 60, .b = 60 };
+
+    p.changeDefault(new_palette);
+
+    try testing.expectEqual(new_palette[0], p.current[0]);
+    try testing.expectEqual(red, p.current[1]);
+    try testing.expectEqual(green, p.current[2]);
+    try testing.expectEqual(blue, p.current[3]);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(usize, 3), p.mask.count());
+}
diff --git a/src/terminal/formatter.zig b/src/terminal/formatter.zig
index 246624d5b..20dcf9a89 100644
--- a/src/terminal/formatter.zig
+++ b/src/terminal/formatter.zig
@@ -225,24 +225,24 @@ pub const TerminalFormatter = struct {
                 .plain => break :palette,
 
                 .vt => {
-                    for (self.terminal.color_palette.colors, 0..) |rgb, i| {
-                        try writer.print(
-                            "\x1b]4;{d};rgb:{x:0>2}/{x:0>2}/{x:0>2}\x1b\\",
-                            .{ i, rgb.r, rgb.g, rgb.b },
-                        );
-                    }
+                for (self.terminal.colors.palette.current, 0..) |rgb, i| {
+                try writer.print(
+                "\x1b]4;{d};rgb:{x:0>2}/{x:0>2}/{x:0>2}\x1b\\",
+                .{ i, rgb.r, rgb.g, rgb.b },
+                );
+                }
                 },
 
                 // For HTML, we emit CSS to setup our palette variables.
                 .html => {
-                    try writer.writeAll("<style>:root{");
-                    for (self.terminal.color_palette.colors, 0..) |rgb, i| {
-                        try writer.print(
-                            "--vt-palette-{d}: #{x:0>2}{x:0>2}{x:0>2};",
-                            .{ i, rgb.r, rgb.g, rgb.b },
-                        );
-                    }
-                    try writer.writeAll("}</style>");
+                try writer.writeAll("<style>:root{");
+                for (self.terminal.colors.palette.current, 0..) |rgb, i| {
+                try writer.print(
+                "--vt-palette-{d}: #{x:0>2}{x:0>2}{x:0>2};",
+                .{ i, rgb.r, rgb.g, rgb.b },
+                );
+                }
+                try writer.writeAll("}</style>");
                 },
             }
 
@@ -3839,9 +3839,9 @@ test "TerminalFormatter vt with palette" {
     try s2.nextSlice(output);
 
     // Verify the palettes match
-    try testing.expectEqual(t.color_palette.colors[0], t2.color_palette.colors[0]);
-    try testing.expectEqual(t.color_palette.colors[1], t2.color_palette.colors[1]);
-    try testing.expectEqual(t.color_palette.colors[255], t2.color_palette.colors[255]);
+    try testing.expectEqual(t.colors.palette.current[0], t2.colors.palette.current[0]);
+    try testing.expectEqual(t.colors.palette.current[1], t2.colors.palette.current[1]);
+    try testing.expectEqual(t.colors.palette.current[255], t2.colors.palette.current[255]);
 }
 
 test "TerminalFormatter with selection" {
@@ -4972,7 +4972,7 @@ test "Page VT with palette option emits RGB" {
     {
         builder.clearRetainingCapacity();
         var opts: Options = .vt;
-        opts.palette = &t.color_palette.colors;
+        opts.palette = &t.colors.palette.current;
         var formatter: PageFormatter = .init(page, opts);
         try formatter.format(&builder.writer);
         const output = builder.writer.buffered();
@@ -5021,7 +5021,7 @@ test "Page html with palette option emits RGB" {
     {
         builder.clearRetainingCapacity();
         var opts: Options = .{ .emit = .html };
-        opts.palette = &t.color_palette.colors;
+        opts.palette = &t.colors.palette.current;
         var formatter: PageFormatter = .init(page, opts);
         try formatter.format(&builder.writer);
         const output = builder.writer.buffered();
diff --git a/src/terminal/stream_readonly.zig b/src/terminal/stream_readonly.zig
index 86a525284..f73d21dce 100644
--- a/src/terminal/stream_readonly.zig
+++ b/src/terminal/stream_readonly.zig
@@ -305,10 +305,7 @@ pub const Handler = struct {
             switch (req.*) {
                 .set => |set| {
                     switch (set.target) {
-                        .palette => |i| {
-                            self.terminal.color_palette.colors[i] = set.color;
-                            self.terminal.color_palette.mask.set(i);
-                        },
+                        .palette => |i| self.terminal.colors.palette.set(i, set.color),
                         .dynamic,
                         .special,
                         => {},
@@ -316,24 +313,13 @@ pub const Handler = struct {
                 },
 
                 .reset => |target| switch (target) {
-                    .palette => |i| {
-                        const mask = &self.terminal.color_palette.mask;
-                        self.terminal.color_palette.colors[i] = self.terminal.default_palette[i];
-                        mask.unset(i);
-                    },
+                    .palette => |i| self.terminal.colors.palette.reset(i),
                     .dynamic,
                     .special,
                     => {},
                 },
 
-                .reset_palette => {
-                    const mask = &self.terminal.color_palette.mask;
-                    var mask_iterator = mask.iterator(.{});
-                    while (mask_iterator.next()) |i| {
-                        self.terminal.color_palette.colors[i] = self.terminal.default_palette[i];
-                    }
-                    mask.* = .initEmpty();
-                },
+                .reset_palette => self.terminal.colors.palette.resetAll(),
 
                 .query,
                 .reset_special,
@@ -599,19 +585,19 @@ test "OSC 4 set and reset palette" {
     defer s.deinit();
 
     // Save default color
-    const default_color_0 = t.default_palette[0];
+    const default_color_0 = t.colors.palette.original[0];
 
     // Set color 0 to red
     try s.nextSlice("\x1b]4;0;rgb:ff/00/00\x1b\\");
-    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0xff), t.color_palette.colors[0].r);
-    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0x00), t.color_palette.colors[0].g);
-    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0x00), t.color_palette.colors[0].b);
-    try testing.expect(t.color_palette.mask.isSet(0));
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0xff), t.colors.palette.current[0].r);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0x00), t.colors.palette.current[0].g);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0x00), t.colors.palette.current[0].b);
+    try testing.expect(t.colors.palette.mask.isSet(0));
 
     // Reset color 0
     try s.nextSlice("\x1b]104;0\x1b\\");
-    try testing.expectEqual(default_color_0, t.color_palette.colors[0]);
-    try testing.expect(!t.color_palette.mask.isSet(0));
+    try testing.expectEqual(default_color_0, t.colors.palette.current[0]);
+    try testing.expect(!t.colors.palette.mask.isSet(0));
 }
 
 test "OSC 104 reset all palette colors" {
@@ -625,16 +611,16 @@ test "OSC 104 reset all palette colors" {
     try s.nextSlice("\x1b]4;0;rgb:ff/00/00\x1b\\");
     try s.nextSlice("\x1b]4;1;rgb:00/ff/00\x1b\\");
     try s.nextSlice("\x1b]4;2;rgb:00/00/ff\x1b\\");
-    try testing.expect(t.color_palette.mask.isSet(0));
-    try testing.expect(t.color_palette.mask.isSet(1));
-    try testing.expect(t.color_palette.mask.isSet(2));
+    try testing.expect(t.colors.palette.mask.isSet(0));
+    try testing.expect(t.colors.palette.mask.isSet(1));
+    try testing.expect(t.colors.palette.mask.isSet(2));
 
     // Reset all palette colors
     try s.nextSlice("\x1b]104\x1b\\");
-    try testing.expectEqual(t.default_palette[0], t.color_palette.colors[0]);
-    try testing.expectEqual(t.default_palette[1], t.color_palette.colors[1]);
-    try testing.expectEqual(t.default_palette[2], t.color_palette.colors[2]);
-    try testing.expect(!t.color_palette.mask.isSet(0));
-    try testing.expect(!t.color_palette.mask.isSet(1));
-    try testing.expect(!t.color_palette.mask.isSet(2));
+    try testing.expectEqual(t.colors.palette.original[0], t.colors.palette.current[0]);
+    try testing.expectEqual(t.colors.palette.original[1], t.colors.palette.current[1]);
+    try testing.expectEqual(t.colors.palette.original[2], t.colors.palette.current[2]);
+    try testing.expect(!t.colors.palette.mask.isSet(0));
+    try testing.expect(!t.colors.palette.mask.isSet(1));
+    try testing.expect(!t.colors.palette.mask.isSet(2));
 }
diff --git a/src/termio/Termio.zig b/src/termio/Termio.zig
index 01a8ef312..f5e0af221 100644
--- a/src/termio/Termio.zig
+++ b/src/termio/Termio.zig
@@ -234,8 +234,7 @@ pub fn init(self: *Termio, alloc: Allocator, opts: termio.Options) !void {
         };
     });
     errdefer term.deinit(alloc);
-    term.default_palette = opts.config.palette;
-    term.color_palette.colors = opts.config.palette;
+    term.colors.palette.changeDefault(opts.config.palette);
 
     // Set the image size limits
     try term.screen.kitty_images.setLimit(
@@ -451,16 +450,8 @@ pub fn changeConfig(self: *Termio, td: *ThreadData, config: *DerivedConfig) !voi
 
     // Update the default palette. Note this will only apply to new colors drawn
     // since we decode all palette colors to RGB on usage.
-    self.terminal.default_palette = config.palette;
-
-    // Update the active palette, except for any colors that were modified with
-    // OSC 4
-    for (0..config.palette.len) |i| {
-        if (!self.terminal.color_palette.mask.isSet(i)) {
-            self.terminal.color_palette.colors[i] = config.palette[i];
-            self.terminal.flags.dirty.palette = true;
-        }
-    }
+    self.terminal.colors.palette.changeDefault(config.palette);
+    self.terminal.flags.dirty.palette = true;
 
     // Set the image size limits
     try self.terminal.screen.kitty_images.setLimit(
diff --git a/src/termio/stream_handler.zig b/src/termio/stream_handler.zig
index 7f241f42c..8f3f845d6 100644
--- a/src/termio/stream_handler.zig
+++ b/src/termio/stream_handler.zig
@@ -1133,8 +1133,7 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
                     switch (set.target) {
                         .palette => |i| {
                             self.terminal.flags.dirty.palette = true;
-                            self.terminal.color_palette.colors[i] = set.color;
-                            self.terminal.color_palette.mask.set(i);
+                            self.terminal.colors.palette.set(i, set.color);
                         },
                         .dynamic => |dynamic| switch (dynamic) {
                             .foreground => {
@@ -1178,15 +1177,13 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
 
                 .reset => |target| switch (target) {
                     .palette => |i| {
-                        const mask = &self.terminal.color_palette.mask;
                         self.terminal.flags.dirty.palette = true;
-                        self.terminal.color_palette.colors[i] = self.terminal.default_palette[i];
-                        mask.unset(i);
+                        self.terminal.colors.palette.reset(i);
 
                         self.surfaceMessageWriter(.{
                             .color_change = .{
                                 .target = target,
-                                .color = self.terminal.color_palette.colors[i],
+                                .color = self.terminal.colors.palette.current[i],
                             },
                         });
                     },
@@ -1242,15 +1239,15 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
                 },
 
                 .reset_palette => {
-                    const mask = &self.terminal.color_palette.mask;
-                    var mask_iterator = mask.iterator(.{});
-                    while (mask_iterator.next()) |i| {
+                    const mask = &self.terminal.colors.palette.mask;
+                    var mask_it = mask.iterator(.{});
+                    while (mask_it.next()) |i| {
                         self.terminal.flags.dirty.palette = true;
-                        self.terminal.color_palette.colors[i] = self.terminal.default_palette[i];
+                        self.terminal.colors.palette.reset(@intCast(i));
                         self.surfaceMessageWriter(.{
                             .color_change = .{
                                 .target = .{ .palette = @intCast(i) },
-                                .color = self.terminal.color_palette.colors[i],
+                                .color = self.terminal.colors.palette.current[i],
                             },
                         });
                     }
@@ -1266,7 +1263,7 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
                     if (self.osc_color_report_format == .none) break :report;
 
                     const color = switch (kind) {
-                        .palette => |i| self.terminal.color_palette.colors[i],
+                        .palette => |i| self.terminal.colors.palette.current[i],
                         .dynamic => |dynamic| switch (dynamic) {
                             .foreground => self.foreground_color orelse self.default_foreground_color,
                             .background => self.background_color orelse self.default_background_color,
@@ -1399,7 +1396,7 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
                     if (stream.written().len == 0) try writer.writeAll("\x1b]21");
 
                     const color: terminal.color.RGB = switch (key) {
-                        .palette => |palette| self.terminal.color_palette.colors[palette],
+                        .palette => |palette| self.terminal.colors.palette.current[palette],
                         .special => |special| switch (special) {
                             .foreground => self.foreground_color orelse self.default_foreground_color,
                             .background => self.background_color orelse self.default_background_color,
@@ -1422,8 +1419,7 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
                 .set => |v| switch (v.key) {
                     .palette => |palette| {
                         self.terminal.flags.dirty.palette = true;
-                        self.terminal.color_palette.colors[palette] = v.color;
-                        self.terminal.color_palette.mask.unset(palette);
+                        self.terminal.colors.palette.set(palette, v.color);
                     },
 
                     .special => |special| {
@@ -1457,8 +1453,7 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
                 .reset => |key| switch (key) {
                     .palette => |palette| {
                         self.terminal.flags.dirty.palette = true;
-                        self.terminal.color_palette.colors[palette] = self.terminal.default_palette[palette];
-                        self.terminal.color_palette.mask.unset(palette);
+                        self.terminal.colors.palette.reset(palette);
                     },
 
                     .special => |special| {

From 77343bb06e65c7d7015e367ef4461f2bece80c4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mitchell Hashimoto <m@mitchellh.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Oct 2025 09:26:58 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 2/6] terminal: move color state fully into the terminal for
 fg/bg/cursor

---
 src/config/Config.zig         |   7 ++
 src/terminal/color.zig        |   4 +-
 src/termio/Termio.zig         |  69 +++++++++----------
 src/termio/stream_handler.zig | 126 ++++++++++++++--------------------
 4 files changed, 92 insertions(+), 114 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/config/Config.zig b/src/config/Config.zig
index a9aaf8f86..78ea19aef 100644
--- a/src/config/Config.zig
+++ b/src/config/Config.zig
@@ -4960,6 +4960,13 @@ pub const TerminalColor = union(enum) {
         return .{ .color = try Color.parseCLI(input) };
     }
 
+    pub fn toTerminalRGB(self: TerminalColor) ?terminal.color.RGB {
+        return switch (self) {
+            .color => |v| v.toTerminalRGB(),
+            .@"cell-foreground", .@"cell-background" => null,
+        };
+    }
+
     /// Used by Formatter
     pub fn formatEntry(self: TerminalColor, formatter: formatterpkg.EntryFormatter) !void {
         switch (self) {
diff --git a/src/terminal/color.zig b/src/terminal/color.zig
index e4b71fe63..4492d65ae 100644
--- a/src/terminal/color.zig
+++ b/src/terminal/color.zig
@@ -130,11 +130,11 @@ pub const DynamicRGB = struct {
     }
 
     pub fn set(self: *DynamicRGB, color: RGB) void {
-        self.current = color;
+        self.override = color;
     }
 
     pub fn reset(self: *DynamicRGB) void {
-        self.current = self.default;
+        self.override = self.default;
     }
 };
 
diff --git a/src/termio/Termio.zig b/src/termio/Termio.zig
index f5e0af221..1e181a137 100644
--- a/src/termio/Termio.zig
+++ b/src/termio/Termio.zig
@@ -231,10 +231,19 @@ pub fn init(self: *Termio, alloc: Allocator, opts: termio.Options) !void {
             .rows = grid_size.rows,
             .max_scrollback = opts.full_config.@"scrollback-limit",
             .default_modes = default_modes,
+            .colors = .{
+                .background = .init(opts.config.background.toTerminalRGB()),
+                .foreground = .init(opts.config.foreground.toTerminalRGB()),
+                .cursor = cursor: {
+                    const color = opts.config.cursor_color orelse break :cursor .unset;
+                    const rgb = color.toTerminalRGB() orelse break :cursor .unset;
+                    break :cursor .init(rgb);
+                },
+                .palette = .init(opts.config.palette),
+            },
         };
     });
     errdefer term.deinit(alloc);
-    term.colors.palette.changeDefault(opts.config.palette);
 
     // Set the image size limits
     try term.screen.kitty_images.setLimit(
@@ -261,39 +270,20 @@ pub fn init(self: *Termio, alloc: Allocator, opts: termio.Options) !void {
 
     // Create our stream handler. This points to memory in self so it
     // isn't safe to use until self.* is set.
-    const handler: StreamHandler = handler: {
-        const default_cursor_color: ?terminalpkg.color.RGB = color: {
-            if (opts.config.cursor_color) |color| switch (color) {
-                .color => break :color color.color.toTerminalRGB(),
-                .@"cell-foreground",
-                .@"cell-background",
-                => {},
-            };
-
-            break :color null;
-        };
-
-        break :handler .{
-            .alloc = alloc,
-            .termio_mailbox = &self.mailbox,
-            .surface_mailbox = opts.surface_mailbox,
-            .renderer_state = opts.renderer_state,
-            .renderer_wakeup = opts.renderer_wakeup,
-            .renderer_mailbox = opts.renderer_mailbox,
-            .size = &self.size,
-            .terminal = &self.terminal,
-            .osc_color_report_format = opts.config.osc_color_report_format,
-            .clipboard_write = opts.config.clipboard_write,
-            .enquiry_response = opts.config.enquiry_response,
-            .default_foreground_color = opts.config.foreground.toTerminalRGB(),
-            .default_background_color = opts.config.background.toTerminalRGB(),
-            .default_cursor_style = opts.config.cursor_style,
-            .default_cursor_blink = opts.config.cursor_blink,
-            .default_cursor_color = default_cursor_color,
-            .cursor_color = null,
-            .foreground_color = null,
-            .background_color = null,
-        };
+    const handler: StreamHandler = .{
+        .alloc = alloc,
+        .termio_mailbox = &self.mailbox,
+        .surface_mailbox = opts.surface_mailbox,
+        .renderer_state = opts.renderer_state,
+        .renderer_wakeup = opts.renderer_wakeup,
+        .renderer_mailbox = opts.renderer_mailbox,
+        .size = &self.size,
+        .terminal = &self.terminal,
+        .osc_color_report_format = opts.config.osc_color_report_format,
+        .clipboard_write = opts.config.clipboard_write,
+        .enquiry_response = opts.config.enquiry_response,
+        .default_cursor_style = opts.config.cursor_style,
+        .default_cursor_blink = opts.config.cursor_blink,
     };
 
     const thread_enter_state = try ThreadEnterState.create(
@@ -448,11 +438,18 @@ pub fn changeConfig(self: *Termio, td: *ThreadData, config: *DerivedConfig) !voi
     //   - command, working-directory: we never restart the underlying
     //   process so we don't care or need to know about these.
 
-    // Update the default palette. Note this will only apply to new colors drawn
-    // since we decode all palette colors to RGB on usage.
+    // Update the default palette.
     self.terminal.colors.palette.changeDefault(config.palette);
     self.terminal.flags.dirty.palette = true;
 
+    // Update all our other colors
+    self.terminal.colors.background.default = config.background.toTerminalRGB();
+    self.terminal.colors.foreground.default = config.foreground.toTerminalRGB();
+    self.terminal.colors.cursor.default = cursor: {
+        const color = config.cursor_color orelse break :cursor null;
+        break :cursor color.toTerminalRGB() orelse break :cursor null;
+    };
+
     // Set the image size limits
     try self.terminal.screen.kitty_images.setLimit(
         self.alloc,
diff --git a/src/termio/stream_handler.zig b/src/termio/stream_handler.zig
index 8f3f845d6..551145cfb 100644
--- a/src/termio/stream_handler.zig
+++ b/src/termio/stream_handler.zig
@@ -45,22 +45,6 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
     default_cursor: bool = true,
     default_cursor_style: terminal.CursorStyle,
     default_cursor_blink: ?bool,
-    default_cursor_color: ?terminal.color.RGB,
-
-    /// Actual cursor color. This can be changed with OSC 12. If unset, falls
-    /// back to the default cursor color.
-    cursor_color: ?terminal.color.RGB,
-
-    /// The default foreground and background color are those set by the user's
-    /// config file.
-    default_foreground_color: terminal.color.RGB,
-    default_background_color: terminal.color.RGB,
-
-    /// The foreground and background color as set by an OSC 10 or OSC 11
-    /// sequence. If unset then the respective color falls back to the default
-    /// value.
-    foreground_color: ?terminal.color.RGB,
-    background_color: ?terminal.color.RGB,
 
     /// The response to use for ENQ requests. The memory is owned by
     /// whoever owns StreamHandler.
@@ -114,20 +98,8 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
         self.osc_color_report_format = config.osc_color_report_format;
         self.clipboard_write = config.clipboard_write;
         self.enquiry_response = config.enquiry_response;
-        self.default_foreground_color = config.foreground.toTerminalRGB();
-        self.default_background_color = config.background.toTerminalRGB();
         self.default_cursor_style = config.cursor_style;
         self.default_cursor_blink = config.cursor_blink;
-        self.default_cursor_color = color: {
-            if (config.cursor_color) |color| switch (color) {
-                .color => break :color color.color.toTerminalRGB(),
-                .@"cell-foreground",
-                .@"cell-background",
-                => {},
-            };
-
-            break :color null;
-        };
 
         // If our cursor is the default, then we update it immediately.
         if (self.default_cursor) self.setCursorStyle(.default) catch |err| {
@@ -1137,19 +1109,19 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
                         },
                         .dynamic => |dynamic| switch (dynamic) {
                             .foreground => {
-                                self.foreground_color = set.color;
+                                self.terminal.colors.foreground.set(set.color);
                                 self.rendererMessageWriter(.{
                                     .foreground_color = set.color,
                                 });
                             },
                             .background => {
-                                self.background_color = set.color;
+                                self.terminal.colors.background.set(set.color);
                                 self.rendererMessageWriter(.{
                                     .background_color = set.color,
                                 });
                             },
                             .cursor => {
-                                self.cursor_color = set.color;
+                                self.terminal.colors.cursor.set(set.color);
                                 self.rendererMessageWriter(.{
                                     .cursor_color = set.color,
                                 });
@@ -1189,38 +1161,42 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
                     },
                     .dynamic => |dynamic| switch (dynamic) {
                         .foreground => {
-                            self.foreground_color = null;
+                            self.terminal.colors.foreground.reset();
                             self.rendererMessageWriter(.{
-                                .foreground_color = self.foreground_color,
+                                .foreground_color = null,
                             });
 
-                            self.surfaceMessageWriter(.{ .color_change = .{
-                                .target = target,
-                                .color = self.default_foreground_color,
-                            } });
-                        },
-                        .background => {
-                            self.background_color = null;
-                            self.rendererMessageWriter(.{
-                                .background_color = self.background_color,
-                            });
-
-                            self.surfaceMessageWriter(.{ .color_change = .{
-                                .target = target,
-                                .color = self.default_background_color,
-                            } });
-                        },
-                        .cursor => {
-                            self.cursor_color = null;
-
-                            self.rendererMessageWriter(.{
-                                .cursor_color = self.cursor_color,
-                            });
-
-                            if (self.default_cursor_color) |color| {
+                            if (self.terminal.colors.foreground.default) |c| {
                                 self.surfaceMessageWriter(.{ .color_change = .{
                                     .target = target,
-                                    .color = color,
+                                    .color = c,
+                                } });
+                            }
+                        },
+                        .background => {
+                            self.terminal.colors.background.reset();
+                            self.rendererMessageWriter(.{
+                                .background_color = null,
+                            });
+
+                            if (self.terminal.colors.background.default) |c| {
+                                self.surfaceMessageWriter(.{ .color_change = .{
+                                    .target = target,
+                                    .color = c,
+                                } });
+                            }
+                        },
+                        .cursor => {
+                            self.terminal.colors.cursor.reset();
+
+                            self.rendererMessageWriter(.{
+                                .cursor_color = null,
+                            });
+
+                            if (self.terminal.colors.cursor.default) |c| {
+                                self.surfaceMessageWriter(.{ .color_change = .{
+                                    .target = target,
+                                    .color = c,
                                 } });
                             }
                         },
@@ -1265,12 +1241,10 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
                     const color = switch (kind) {
                         .palette => |i| self.terminal.colors.palette.current[i],
                         .dynamic => |dynamic| switch (dynamic) {
-                            .foreground => self.foreground_color orelse self.default_foreground_color,
-                            .background => self.background_color orelse self.default_background_color,
-                            .cursor => self.cursor_color orelse
-                                self.default_cursor_color orelse
-                                self.foreground_color orelse
-                                self.default_foreground_color,
+                            .foreground => self.terminal.colors.foreground.get().?,
+                            .background => self.terminal.colors.background.get().?,
+                            .cursor => self.terminal.colors.cursor.get() orelse
+                                self.terminal.colors.foreground.get().?,
                             .pointer_foreground,
                             .pointer_background,
                             .tektronix_foreground,
@@ -1398,9 +1372,9 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
                     const color: terminal.color.RGB = switch (key) {
                         .palette => |palette| self.terminal.colors.palette.current[palette],
                         .special => |special| switch (special) {
-                            .foreground => self.foreground_color orelse self.default_foreground_color,
-                            .background => self.background_color orelse self.default_background_color,
-                            .cursor => self.cursor_color orelse self.default_cursor_color,
+                            .foreground => self.terminal.colors.foreground.get(),
+                            .background => self.terminal.colors.background.get(),
+                            .cursor => self.terminal.colors.cursor.get(),
                             else => {
                                 log.warn("ignoring unsupported kitty color protocol key: {f}", .{key});
                                 continue;
@@ -1425,15 +1399,15 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
                     .special => |special| {
                         const msg: renderer.Message = switch (special) {
                             .foreground => msg: {
-                                self.foreground_color = v.color;
+                                self.terminal.colors.foreground.set(v.color);
                                 break :msg .{ .foreground_color = v.color };
                             },
                             .background => msg: {
-                                self.background_color = v.color;
+                                self.terminal.colors.background.set(v.color);
                                 break :msg .{ .background_color = v.color };
                             },
                             .cursor => msg: {
-                                self.cursor_color = v.color;
+                                self.terminal.colors.cursor.set(v.color);
                                 break :msg .{ .cursor_color = v.color };
                             },
                             else => {
@@ -1459,16 +1433,16 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
                     .special => |special| {
                         const msg: renderer.Message = switch (special) {
                             .foreground => msg: {
-                                self.foreground_color = null;
-                                break :msg .{ .foreground_color = self.foreground_color };
+                                self.terminal.colors.foreground.reset();
+                                break :msg .{ .foreground_color = null };
                             },
                             .background => msg: {
-                                self.background_color = null;
-                                break :msg .{ .background_color = self.background_color };
+                                self.terminal.colors.background.reset();
+                                break :msg .{ .background_color = null };
                             },
                             .cursor => msg: {
-                                self.cursor_color = null;
-                                break :msg .{ .cursor_color = self.cursor_color };
+                                self.terminal.colors.cursor.reset();
+                                break :msg .{ .cursor_color = null };
                             },
                             else => {
                                 log.warn(

From 2daecd94a5a9b3fd67a5267f91f3a17b0e3a3818 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mitchell Hashimoto <m@mitchellh.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Oct 2025 09:52:36 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 3/6] renderer: use terminal color state, remove color messages

---
 src/renderer/Thread.zig       |  15 ----
 src/renderer/generic.zig      | 135 ++++++++++++----------------------
 src/renderer/message.zig      |  10 ---
 src/termio/stream_handler.zig | 115 +++++++----------------------
 4 files changed, 75 insertions(+), 200 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/renderer/Thread.zig b/src/renderer/Thread.zig
index 210c2e337..fd9d0f51a 100644
--- a/src/renderer/Thread.zig
+++ b/src/renderer/Thread.zig
@@ -437,21 +437,6 @@ fn drainMailbox(self: *Thread) !void {
                 grid.set.deref(grid.old_key);
             },
 
-            .foreground_color => |color| {
-                self.renderer.foreground_color = color;
-                self.renderer.markDirty();
-            },
-
-            .background_color => |color| {
-                self.renderer.background_color = color;
-                self.renderer.markDirty();
-            },
-
-            .cursor_color => |color| {
-                self.renderer.cursor_color = color;
-                self.renderer.markDirty();
-            },
-
             .resize => |v| self.renderer.setScreenSize(v),
 
             .change_config => |config| {
diff --git a/src/renderer/generic.zig b/src/renderer/generic.zig
index 9d4e14ea7..0b4c55896 100644
--- a/src/renderer/generic.zig
+++ b/src/renderer/generic.zig
@@ -120,30 +120,6 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime GraphicsAPI: type) type {
         scrollbar: terminal.Scrollbar,
         scrollbar_dirty: bool,
 
-        /// The foreground color set by an OSC 10 sequence. If unset then
-        /// default_foreground_color is used.
-        foreground_color: ?terminal.color.RGB,
-
-        /// Foreground color set in the user's config file.
-        default_foreground_color: terminal.color.RGB,
-
-        /// The background color set by an OSC 11 sequence. If unset then
-        /// default_background_color is used.
-        background_color: ?terminal.color.RGB,
-
-        /// Background color set in the user's config file.
-        default_background_color: terminal.color.RGB,
-
-        /// The cursor color set by an OSC 12 sequence. If unset then
-        /// default_cursor_color is used.
-        cursor_color: ?terminal.color.RGB,
-
-        /// Default cursor color when no color is set explicitly by an OSC 12 command.
-        /// This is cursor color as set in the user's config, if any. If no cursor color
-        /// is set in the user's config, then the cursor color is determined by the
-        /// current foreground color.
-        default_cursor_color: ?configpkg.Config.TerminalColor,
-
         /// The current set of cells to render. This is rebuilt on every frame
         /// but we keep this around so that we don't reallocate. Each set of
         /// cells goes into a separate shader.
@@ -691,12 +667,6 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime GraphicsAPI: type) type {
                 .focused = true,
                 .scrollbar = .zero,
                 .scrollbar_dirty = false,
-                .foreground_color = null,
-                .default_foreground_color = options.config.foreground,
-                .background_color = null,
-                .default_background_color = options.config.background,
-                .cursor_color = null,
-                .default_cursor_color = options.config.cursor_color,
 
                 // Render state
                 .cells = .{},
@@ -1094,10 +1064,12 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime GraphicsAPI: type) type {
             // Data we extract out of the critical area.
             const Critical = struct {
                 bg: terminal.color.RGB,
+                fg: terminal.color.RGB,
                 screen: terminal.Screen,
                 screen_type: terminal.ScreenType,
                 mouse: renderer.State.Mouse,
                 preedit: ?renderer.State.Preedit,
+                cursor_color: ?terminal.color.RGB,
                 cursor_style: ?renderer.CursorStyle,
                 color_palette: terminal.color.Palette,
                 scrollbar: terminal.Scrollbar,
@@ -1132,36 +1104,16 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime GraphicsAPI: type) type {
                 // cross-thread mailbox message within the IO path.
                 const scrollbar = state.terminal.screen.pages.scrollbar();
 
-                // Swap bg/fg if the terminal is reversed
-                const bg = self.background_color orelse self.default_background_color;
-                const fg = self.foreground_color orelse self.default_foreground_color;
-                defer {
-                    if (self.background_color) |*c| {
-                        c.* = bg;
-                    } else {
-                        self.default_background_color = bg;
-                    }
-
-                    if (self.foreground_color) |*c| {
-                        c.* = fg;
-                    } else {
-                        self.default_foreground_color = fg;
-                    }
-                }
-
-                if (state.terminal.modes.get(.reverse_colors)) {
-                    if (self.background_color) |*c| {
-                        c.* = fg;
-                    } else {
-                        self.default_background_color = fg;
-                    }
-
-                    if (self.foreground_color) |*c| {
-                        c.* = bg;
-                    } else {
-                        self.default_foreground_color = bg;
-                    }
-                }
+                // Get our bg/fg, swap them if reversed.
+                const RGB = terminal.color.RGB;
+                const bg: RGB, const fg: RGB = colors: {
+                    const bg = state.terminal.colors.background.get().?;
+                    const fg = state.terminal.colors.foreground.get().?;
+                    break :colors if (state.terminal.modes.get(.reverse_colors))
+                        .{ fg, bg }
+                    else
+                        .{ bg, fg };
+                };
 
                 // Get the viewport pin so that we can compare it to the current.
                 const viewport_pin = state.terminal.screen.pages.pin(.{ .viewport = .{} }).?;
@@ -1252,11 +1204,13 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime GraphicsAPI: type) type {
                 self.cells_viewport = viewport_pin;
 
                 break :critical .{
-                    .bg = self.background_color orelse self.default_background_color,
+                    .bg = bg,
+                    .fg = fg,
                     .screen = screen_copy,
                     .screen_type = state.terminal.active_screen,
                     .mouse = state.mouse,
                     .preedit = preedit,
+                    .cursor_color = state.terminal.colors.cursor.get(),
                     .cursor_style = cursor_style,
                     .color_palette = state.terminal.colors.palette.current,
                     .scrollbar = scrollbar,
@@ -1277,6 +1231,9 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime GraphicsAPI: type) type {
                 critical.preedit,
                 critical.cursor_style,
                 &critical.color_palette,
+                critical.bg,
+                critical.fg,
+                critical.cursor_color,
             );
 
             // Notify our shaper we're done for the frame. For some shapers,
@@ -2104,11 +2061,6 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime GraphicsAPI: type) type {
             self.uniforms.bools.use_linear_blending = config.blending.isLinear();
             self.uniforms.bools.use_linear_correction = config.blending == .@"linear-corrected";
 
-            // Set our new colors
-            self.default_background_color = config.background;
-            self.default_foreground_color = config.foreground;
-            self.default_cursor_color = config.cursor_color;
-
             const bg_image_config_changed =
                 self.config.bg_image_fit != config.bg_image_fit or
                 self.config.bg_image_position != config.bg_image_position or
@@ -2370,6 +2322,9 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime GraphicsAPI: type) type {
             preedit: ?renderer.State.Preedit,
             cursor_style_: ?renderer.CursorStyle,
             color_palette: *const terminal.color.Palette,
+            background: terminal.color.RGB,
+            foreground: terminal.color.RGB,
+            terminal_cursor_color: ?terminal.color.RGB,
         ) !void {
             self.draw_mutex.lock();
             defer self.draw_mutex.unlock();
@@ -2503,12 +2458,12 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime GraphicsAPI: type) type {
                     .extend => if (y == 0) {
                         self.uniforms.padding_extend.up = !row.neverExtendBg(
                             color_palette,
-                            self.background_color orelse self.default_background_color,
+                            background,
                         );
                     } else if (y == self.cells.size.rows - 1) {
                         self.uniforms.padding_extend.down = !row.neverExtendBg(
                             color_palette,
-                            self.background_color orelse self.default_background_color,
+                            background,
                         );
                     },
                 }
@@ -2629,7 +2584,7 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime GraphicsAPI: type) type {
                     // configuration, inversions, selections, etc.
                     const bg_style = style.bg(cell, color_palette);
                     const fg_style = style.fg(.{
-                        .default = self.foreground_color orelse self.default_foreground_color,
+                        .default = foreground,
                         .palette = color_palette,
                         .bold = self.config.bold_color,
                     });
@@ -2649,7 +2604,7 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime GraphicsAPI: type) type {
 
                             // If no configuration, then our selection background
                             // is our foreground color.
-                            break :bg self.foreground_color orelse self.default_foreground_color;
+                            break :bg foreground;
                         }
 
                         // Not selected
@@ -2671,9 +2626,7 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime GraphicsAPI: type) type {
                     const fg = fg: {
                         // Our happy-path non-selection background color
                         // is our style or our configured defaults.
-                        const final_bg = bg_style orelse
-                            self.background_color orelse
-                            self.default_background_color;
+                        const final_bg = bg_style orelse background;
 
                         // Whether we need to use the bg color as our fg color:
                         // - Cell is selected, inverted, and set to cell-foreground
@@ -2689,7 +2642,7 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime GraphicsAPI: type) type {
                                 };
                             }
 
-                            break :fg self.background_color orelse self.default_background_color;
+                            break :fg background;
                         }
 
                         break :fg if (style.flags.inverse)
@@ -2703,7 +2656,7 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime GraphicsAPI: type) type {
 
                     // Set the cell's background color.
                     {
-                        const rgb = bg orelse self.background_color orelse self.default_background_color;
+                        const rgb = bg orelse background;
 
                         // Determine our background alpha. If we have transparency configured
                         // then this is dynamic depending on some situations. This is all
@@ -2888,24 +2841,24 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime GraphicsAPI: type) type {
                 const style = cursor_style_ orelse break :cursor;
                 const cursor_color = cursor_color: {
                     // If an explicit cursor color was set by OSC 12, use that.
-                    if (self.cursor_color) |v| break :cursor_color v;
+                    if (terminal_cursor_color) |v| break :cursor_color v;
 
                     // Use our configured color if specified
-                    if (self.default_cursor_color) |v| switch (v) {
+                    if (self.config.cursor_color) |v| switch (v) {
                         .color => |color| break :cursor_color color.toTerminalRGB(),
                         inline .@"cell-foreground",
                         .@"cell-background",
                         => |_, tag| {
                             const sty = screen.cursor.page_pin.style(screen.cursor.page_cell);
                             const fg_style = sty.fg(.{
-                                .default = self.foreground_color orelse self.default_foreground_color,
+                                .default = foreground,
                                 .palette = color_palette,
                                 .bold = self.config.bold_color,
                             });
                             const bg_style = sty.bg(
                                 screen.cursor.page_cell,
                                 color_palette,
-                            ) orelse self.background_color orelse self.default_background_color;
+                            ) orelse background;
 
                             break :cursor_color switch (tag) {
                                 .color => unreachable,
@@ -2915,7 +2868,7 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime GraphicsAPI: type) type {
                         },
                     };
 
-                    break :cursor_color self.foreground_color orelse self.default_foreground_color;
+                    break :cursor_color foreground;
                 };
 
                 self.addCursor(screen, style, cursor_color);
@@ -2950,11 +2903,14 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime GraphicsAPI: type) type {
 
                         const sty = screen.cursor.page_pin.style(screen.cursor.page_cell);
                         const fg_style = sty.fg(.{
-                            .default = self.foreground_color orelse self.default_foreground_color,
+                            .default = foreground,
                             .palette = color_palette,
                             .bold = self.config.bold_color,
                         });
-                        const bg_style = sty.bg(screen.cursor.page_cell, color_palette) orelse self.background_color orelse self.default_background_color;
+                        const bg_style = sty.bg(
+                            screen.cursor.page_cell,
+                            color_palette,
+                        ) orelse background;
 
                         break :blk switch (txt) {
                             // If the cell is reversed, use the opposite cell color instead.
@@ -2962,7 +2918,7 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime GraphicsAPI: type) type {
                             .@"cell-background" => if (sty.flags.inverse) fg_style else bg_style,
                             else => unreachable,
                         };
-                    } else self.background_color orelse self.default_background_color;
+                    } else background;
 
                     self.uniforms.cursor_color = .{
                         uniform_color.r,
@@ -2978,7 +2934,12 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime GraphicsAPI: type) type {
                 const range = preedit_range.?;
                 var x = range.x[0];
                 for (preedit_v.codepoints[range.cp_offset..]) |cp| {
-                    self.addPreeditCell(cp, .{ .x = x, .y = range.y }) catch |err| {
+                    self.addPreeditCell(
+                        cp,
+                        .{ .x = x, .y = range.y },
+                        background,
+                        foreground,
+                    ) catch |err| {
                         log.warn("error building preedit cell, will be invalid x={} y={}, err={}", .{
                             x,
                             range.y,
@@ -3253,10 +3214,12 @@ pub fn Renderer(comptime GraphicsAPI: type) type {
             self: *Self,
             cp: renderer.State.Preedit.Codepoint,
             coord: terminal.Coordinate,
+            screen_bg: terminal.color.RGB,
+            screen_fg: terminal.color.RGB,
         ) !void {
             // Preedit is rendered inverted
-            const bg = self.foreground_color orelse self.default_foreground_color;
-            const fg = self.background_color orelse self.default_background_color;
+            const bg = screen_fg;
+            const fg = screen_bg;
 
             // Render the glyph for our preedit text
             const render_ = self.font_grid.renderCodepoint(
diff --git a/src/renderer/message.zig b/src/renderer/message.zig
index d6255661f..e33922ae2 100644
--- a/src/renderer/message.zig
+++ b/src/renderer/message.zig
@@ -42,16 +42,6 @@ pub const Message = union(enum) {
         old_key: font.SharedGridSet.Key,
     },
 
-    /// Change the foreground color as set by an OSC 10 command, if any.
-    foreground_color: ?terminal.color.RGB,
-
-    /// Change the background color as set by an OSC 11 command, if any.
-    background_color: ?terminal.color.RGB,
-
-    /// Change the cursor color. This can be done separately from changing the
-    /// config file in response to an OSC 12 command.
-    cursor_color: ?terminal.color.RGB,
-
     /// Changes the size. The screen size might change, padding, grid, etc.
     resize: renderer.Size,
 
diff --git a/src/termio/stream_handler.zig b/src/termio/stream_handler.zig
index 551145cfb..0131ff2e1 100644
--- a/src/termio/stream_handler.zig
+++ b/src/termio/stream_handler.zig
@@ -196,7 +196,6 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
             .erase_display_above => self.terminal.eraseDisplay(.above, value),
             .erase_display_complete => {
                 try self.terminal.scrollViewport(.{ .bottom = {} });
-                try self.queueRender();
                 self.terminal.eraseDisplay(.complete, value);
             },
             .erase_display_scrollback => self.terminal.eraseDisplay(.scrollback, value),
@@ -569,10 +568,7 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
             .autorepeat => {},
 
             // Schedule a render since we changed colors
-            .reverse_colors => {
-                self.terminal.flags.dirty.reverse_colors = true;
-                try self.queueRender();
-            },
+            .reverse_colors => self.terminal.flags.dirty.reverse_colors = true,
 
             // Origin resets cursor pos. This is called whether or not
             // we're enabling or disabling origin mode and whether or
@@ -588,17 +584,14 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
 
             .alt_screen_legacy => {
                 self.terminal.switchScreenMode(.@"47", enabled);
-                try self.queueRender();
             },
 
             .alt_screen => {
                 self.terminal.switchScreenMode(.@"1047", enabled);
-                try self.queueRender();
             },
 
             .alt_screen_save_cursor_clear_enter => {
                 self.terminal.switchScreenMode(.@"1049", enabled);
-                try self.queueRender();
             },
 
             // Mode 1048 is xterm's conditional save cursor depending
@@ -634,7 +627,6 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
             // forever.
             .synchronized_output => {
                 if (enabled) self.messageWriter(.{ .start_synchronized_output = {} });
-                try self.queueRender();
             },
 
             .linefeed => {
@@ -1108,24 +1100,9 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
                             self.terminal.colors.palette.set(i, set.color);
                         },
                         .dynamic => |dynamic| switch (dynamic) {
-                            .foreground => {
-                                self.terminal.colors.foreground.set(set.color);
-                                self.rendererMessageWriter(.{
-                                    .foreground_color = set.color,
-                                });
-                            },
-                            .background => {
-                                self.terminal.colors.background.set(set.color);
-                                self.rendererMessageWriter(.{
-                                    .background_color = set.color,
-                                });
-                            },
-                            .cursor => {
-                                self.terminal.colors.cursor.set(set.color);
-                                self.rendererMessageWriter(.{
-                                    .cursor_color = set.color,
-                                });
-                            },
+                            .foreground => self.terminal.colors.foreground.set(set.color),
+                            .background => self.terminal.colors.background.set(set.color),
+                            .cursor => self.terminal.colors.cursor.set(set.color),
                             .pointer_foreground,
                             .pointer_background,
                             .tektronix_foreground,
@@ -1162,9 +1139,6 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
                     .dynamic => |dynamic| switch (dynamic) {
                         .foreground => {
                             self.terminal.colors.foreground.reset();
-                            self.rendererMessageWriter(.{
-                                .foreground_color = null,
-                            });
 
                             if (self.terminal.colors.foreground.default) |c| {
                                 self.surfaceMessageWriter(.{ .color_change = .{
@@ -1175,9 +1149,6 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
                         },
                         .background => {
                             self.terminal.colors.background.reset();
-                            self.rendererMessageWriter(.{
-                                .background_color = null,
-                            });
 
                             if (self.terminal.colors.background.default) |c| {
                                 self.surfaceMessageWriter(.{ .color_change = .{
@@ -1189,10 +1160,6 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
                         .cursor => {
                             self.terminal.colors.cursor.reset();
 
-                            self.rendererMessageWriter(.{
-                                .cursor_color = null,
-                            });
-
                             if (self.terminal.colors.cursor.default) |c| {
                                 self.surfaceMessageWriter(.{ .color_change = .{
                                     .target = target,
@@ -1396,32 +1363,17 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
                         self.terminal.colors.palette.set(palette, v.color);
                     },
 
-                    .special => |special| {
-                        const msg: renderer.Message = switch (special) {
-                            .foreground => msg: {
-                                self.terminal.colors.foreground.set(v.color);
-                                break :msg .{ .foreground_color = v.color };
-                            },
-                            .background => msg: {
-                                self.terminal.colors.background.set(v.color);
-                                break :msg .{ .background_color = v.color };
-                            },
-                            .cursor => msg: {
-                                self.terminal.colors.cursor.set(v.color);
-                                break :msg .{ .cursor_color = v.color };
-                            },
-                            else => {
-                                log.warn(
-                                    "ignoring unsupported kitty color protocol key: {f}",
-                                    .{v.key},
-                                );
-                                continue;
-                            },
-                        };
-
-                        // See messageWriter which has similar logic and
-                        // explains why we may have to do this.
-                        self.rendererMessageWriter(msg);
+                    .special => |special| switch (special) {
+                        .foreground => self.terminal.colors.foreground.set(v.color),
+                        .background => self.terminal.colors.background.set(v.color),
+                        .cursor => self.terminal.colors.cursor.set(v.color),
+                        else => {
+                            log.warn(
+                                "ignoring unsupported kitty color protocol key: {f}",
+                                .{v.key},
+                            );
+                            continue;
+                        },
                     },
                 },
                 .reset => |key| switch (key) {
@@ -1430,32 +1382,17 @@ pub const StreamHandler = struct {
                         self.terminal.colors.palette.reset(palette);
                     },
 
-                    .special => |special| {
-                        const msg: renderer.Message = switch (special) {
-                            .foreground => msg: {
-                                self.terminal.colors.foreground.reset();
-                                break :msg .{ .foreground_color = null };
-                            },
-                            .background => msg: {
-                                self.terminal.colors.background.reset();
-                                break :msg .{ .background_color = null };
-                            },
-                            .cursor => msg: {
-                                self.terminal.colors.cursor.reset();
-                                break :msg .{ .cursor_color = null };
-                            },
-                            else => {
-                                log.warn(
-                                    "ignoring unsupported kitty color protocol key: {f}",
-                                    .{key},
-                                );
-                                continue;
-                            },
-                        };
-
-                        // See messageWriter which has similar logic and
-                        // explains why we may have to do this.
-                        self.rendererMessageWriter(msg);
+                    .special => |special| switch (special) {
+                        .foreground => self.terminal.colors.foreground.reset(),
+                        .background => self.terminal.colors.background.reset(),
+                        .cursor => self.terminal.colors.cursor.reset(),
+                        else => {
+                            log.warn(
+                                "ignoring unsupported kitty color protocol key: {f}",
+                                .{key},
+                            );
+                            continue;
+                        },
                     },
                 },
             }

From 27a98123a0ffaf589e8fd91940dca687c3b0f813 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mitchell Hashimoto <m@mitchellh.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Oct 2025 09:58:27 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 4/6] terminal: readonly stream can update more colors now

---
 src/terminal/stream_readonly.zig | 270 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 260 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/terminal/stream_readonly.zig b/src/terminal/stream_readonly.zig
index f73d21dce..e762fdf86 100644
--- a/src/terminal/stream_readonly.zig
+++ b/src/terminal/stream_readonly.zig
@@ -161,6 +161,7 @@ pub const Handler = struct {
             .end_of_command => self.terminal.screen.cursor.page_row.semantic_prompt = .input,
             .mouse_shape => self.terminal.mouse_shape = value,
             .color_operation => try self.colorOperation(value.op, &value.requests),
+            .kitty_color_report => try self.kittyColorOperation(value),
 
             // No supported DCS commands have any terminal-modifying effects,
             // but they may in the future. For now we just ignore it.
@@ -186,7 +187,6 @@ pub const Handler = struct {
             .device_attributes,
             .device_status,
             .kitty_keyboard_query,
-            .kitty_color_report,
             .window_title,
             .report_pwd,
             .show_desktop_notification,
@@ -305,21 +305,57 @@ pub const Handler = struct {
             switch (req.*) {
                 .set => |set| {
                     switch (set.target) {
-                        .palette => |i| self.terminal.colors.palette.set(i, set.color),
-                        .dynamic,
-                        .special,
-                        => {},
+                        .palette => |i| {
+                            self.terminal.flags.dirty.palette = true;
+                            self.terminal.colors.palette.set(i, set.color);
+                        },
+                        .dynamic => |dynamic| switch (dynamic) {
+                            .foreground => self.terminal.colors.foreground.set(set.color),
+                            .background => self.terminal.colors.background.set(set.color),
+                            .cursor => self.terminal.colors.cursor.set(set.color),
+                            .pointer_foreground,
+                            .pointer_background,
+                            .tektronix_foreground,
+                            .tektronix_background,
+                            .highlight_background,
+                            .tektronix_cursor,
+                            .highlight_foreground,
+                            => {},
+                        },
+                        .special => {},
                     }
                 },
 
                 .reset => |target| switch (target) {
-                    .palette => |i| self.terminal.colors.palette.reset(i),
-                    .dynamic,
-                    .special,
-                    => {},
+                    .palette => |i| {
+                        self.terminal.flags.dirty.palette = true;
+                        self.terminal.colors.palette.reset(i);
+                    },
+                    .dynamic => |dynamic| switch (dynamic) {
+                        .foreground => self.terminal.colors.foreground.reset(),
+                        .background => self.terminal.colors.background.reset(),
+                        .cursor => self.terminal.colors.cursor.reset(),
+                        .pointer_foreground,
+                        .pointer_background,
+                        .tektronix_foreground,
+                        .tektronix_background,
+                        .highlight_background,
+                        .tektronix_cursor,
+                        .highlight_foreground,
+                        => {},
+                    },
+                    .special => {},
                 },
 
-                .reset_palette => self.terminal.colors.palette.resetAll(),
+                .reset_palette => {
+                    const mask = &self.terminal.colors.palette.mask;
+                    var mask_it = mask.iterator(.{});
+                    while (mask_it.next()) |i| {
+                        self.terminal.flags.dirty.palette = true;
+                        self.terminal.colors.palette.reset(@intCast(i));
+                    }
+                    mask.* = .initEmpty();
+                },
 
                 .query,
                 .reset_special,
@@ -327,6 +363,41 @@ pub const Handler = struct {
             }
         }
     }
+
+    fn kittyColorOperation(
+        self: *Handler,
+        request: @import("kitty/color.zig").OSC,
+    ) !void {
+        for (request.list.items) |item| {
+            switch (item) {
+                .set => |v| switch (v.key) {
+                    .palette => |palette| {
+                        self.terminal.flags.dirty.palette = true;
+                        self.terminal.colors.palette.set(palette, v.color);
+                    },
+                    .special => |special| switch (special) {
+                        .foreground => self.terminal.colors.foreground.set(v.color),
+                        .background => self.terminal.colors.background.set(v.color),
+                        .cursor => self.terminal.colors.cursor.set(v.color),
+                        else => {},
+                    },
+                },
+                .reset => |key| switch (key) {
+                    .palette => |palette| {
+                        self.terminal.flags.dirty.palette = true;
+                        self.terminal.colors.palette.reset(palette);
+                    },
+                    .special => |special| switch (special) {
+                        .foreground => self.terminal.colors.foreground.reset(),
+                        .background => self.terminal.colors.background.reset(),
+                        .cursor => self.terminal.colors.cursor.reset(),
+                        else => {},
+                    },
+                },
+                .query => {},
+            }
+        }
+    }
 };
 
 test "basic print" {
@@ -624,3 +695,182 @@ test "OSC 104 reset all palette colors" {
     try testing.expect(!t.colors.palette.mask.isSet(1));
     try testing.expect(!t.colors.palette.mask.isSet(2));
 }
+
+test "OSC 10 set and reset foreground color" {
+    var t: Terminal = try .init(testing.allocator, .{ .cols = 10, .rows = 10 });
+    defer t.deinit(testing.allocator);
+
+    var s: Stream = .initAlloc(testing.allocator, .init(&t));
+    defer s.deinit();
+
+    // Initially unset
+    try testing.expect(t.colors.foreground.get() == null);
+
+    // Set foreground to red
+    try s.nextSlice("\x1b]10;rgb:ff/00/00\x1b\\");
+    const fg = t.colors.foreground.get().?;
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0xff), fg.r);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0x00), fg.g);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0x00), fg.b);
+
+    // Reset foreground
+    try s.nextSlice("\x1b]110\x1b\\");
+    try testing.expect(t.colors.foreground.get() == null);
+}
+
+test "OSC 11 set and reset background color" {
+    var t: Terminal = try .init(testing.allocator, .{ .cols = 10, .rows = 10 });
+    defer t.deinit(testing.allocator);
+
+    var s: Stream = .initAlloc(testing.allocator, .init(&t));
+    defer s.deinit();
+
+    // Set background to green
+    try s.nextSlice("\x1b]11;rgb:00/ff/00\x1b\\");
+    const bg = t.colors.background.get().?;
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0x00), bg.r);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0xff), bg.g);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0x00), bg.b);
+
+    // Reset background
+    try s.nextSlice("\x1b]111\x1b\\");
+    try testing.expect(t.colors.background.get() == null);
+}
+
+test "OSC 12 set and reset cursor color" {
+    var t: Terminal = try .init(testing.allocator, .{ .cols = 10, .rows = 10 });
+    defer t.deinit(testing.allocator);
+
+    var s: Stream = .initAlloc(testing.allocator, .init(&t));
+    defer s.deinit();
+
+    // Set cursor to blue
+    try s.nextSlice("\x1b]12;rgb:00/00/ff\x1b\\");
+    const cursor = t.colors.cursor.get().?;
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0x00), cursor.r);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0x00), cursor.g);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0xff), cursor.b);
+
+    // Reset cursor
+    try s.nextSlice("\x1b]112\x1b\\");
+    // After reset, cursor might be null (using default)
+}
+
+test "kitty color protocol set palette" {
+    var t: Terminal = try .init(testing.allocator, .{ .cols = 10, .rows = 10 });
+    defer t.deinit(testing.allocator);
+
+    var s: Stream = .initAlloc(testing.allocator, .init(&t));
+    defer s.deinit();
+
+    // Set palette color 5 to magenta using kitty protocol
+    try s.nextSlice("\x1b]21;5=rgb:ff/00/ff\x1b\\");
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0xff), t.colors.palette.current[5].r);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0x00), t.colors.palette.current[5].g);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0xff), t.colors.palette.current[5].b);
+    try testing.expect(t.colors.palette.mask.isSet(5));
+    try testing.expect(t.flags.dirty.palette);
+}
+
+test "kitty color protocol reset palette" {
+    var t: Terminal = try .init(testing.allocator, .{ .cols = 10, .rows = 10 });
+    defer t.deinit(testing.allocator);
+
+    var s: Stream = .initAlloc(testing.allocator, .init(&t));
+    defer s.deinit();
+
+    // Set and then reset palette color
+    const original = t.colors.palette.original[7];
+    try s.nextSlice("\x1b]21;7=rgb:aa/bb/cc\x1b\\");
+    try testing.expect(t.colors.palette.mask.isSet(7));
+
+    try s.nextSlice("\x1b]21;7=\x1b\\");
+    try testing.expectEqual(original, t.colors.palette.current[7]);
+    try testing.expect(!t.colors.palette.mask.isSet(7));
+}
+
+test "kitty color protocol set foreground" {
+    var t: Terminal = try .init(testing.allocator, .{ .cols = 10, .rows = 10 });
+    defer t.deinit(testing.allocator);
+
+    var s: Stream = .initAlloc(testing.allocator, .init(&t));
+    defer s.deinit();
+
+    // Set foreground using kitty protocol
+    try s.nextSlice("\x1b]21;foreground=rgb:12/34/56\x1b\\");
+    const fg = t.colors.foreground.get().?;
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0x12), fg.r);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0x34), fg.g);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0x56), fg.b);
+}
+
+test "kitty color protocol set background" {
+    var t: Terminal = try .init(testing.allocator, .{ .cols = 10, .rows = 10 });
+    defer t.deinit(testing.allocator);
+
+    var s: Stream = .initAlloc(testing.allocator, .init(&t));
+    defer s.deinit();
+
+    // Set background using kitty protocol
+    try s.nextSlice("\x1b]21;background=rgb:78/9a/bc\x1b\\");
+    const bg = t.colors.background.get().?;
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0x78), bg.r);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0x9a), bg.g);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0xbc), bg.b);
+}
+
+test "kitty color protocol set cursor" {
+    var t: Terminal = try .init(testing.allocator, .{ .cols = 10, .rows = 10 });
+    defer t.deinit(testing.allocator);
+
+    var s: Stream = .initAlloc(testing.allocator, .init(&t));
+    defer s.deinit();
+
+    // Set cursor using kitty protocol
+    try s.nextSlice("\x1b]21;cursor=rgb:de/f0/12\x1b\\");
+    const cursor = t.colors.cursor.get().?;
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0xde), cursor.r);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0xf0), cursor.g);
+    try testing.expectEqual(@as(u8, 0x12), cursor.b);
+}
+
+test "kitty color protocol reset foreground" {
+    var t: Terminal = try .init(testing.allocator, .{ .cols = 10, .rows = 10 });
+    defer t.deinit(testing.allocator);
+
+    var s: Stream = .initAlloc(testing.allocator, .init(&t));
+    defer s.deinit();
+
+    // Set and reset foreground
+    try s.nextSlice("\x1b]21;foreground=rgb:11/22/33\x1b\\");
+    try testing.expect(t.colors.foreground.get() != null);
+
+    try s.nextSlice("\x1b]21;foreground=\x1b\\");
+    // After reset, should be unset
+    try testing.expect(t.colors.foreground.get() == null);
+}
+
+test "palette dirty flag set on color change" {
+    var t: Terminal = try .init(testing.allocator, .{ .cols = 10, .rows = 10 });
+    defer t.deinit(testing.allocator);
+
+    var s: Stream = .initAlloc(testing.allocator, .init(&t));
+    defer s.deinit();
+
+    // Clear dirty flag
+    t.flags.dirty.palette = false;
+
+    // Setting palette color should set dirty flag
+    try s.nextSlice("\x1b]4;0;rgb:ff/00/00\x1b\\");
+    try testing.expect(t.flags.dirty.palette);
+
+    // Clear and test reset
+    t.flags.dirty.palette = false;
+    try s.nextSlice("\x1b]104;0\x1b\\");
+    try testing.expect(t.flags.dirty.palette);
+
+    // Clear and test kitty protocol
+    t.flags.dirty.palette = false;
+    try s.nextSlice("\x1b]21;1=rgb:00/ff/00\x1b\\");
+    try testing.expect(t.flags.dirty.palette);
+}

From 450155f15062df3b8b3e27e579ac7eb4f50cf2cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mitchell Hashimoto <m@mitchellh.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Oct 2025 10:06:12 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 5/6] zig fmt

---
 src/terminal/formatter.zig | 28 ++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/terminal/formatter.zig b/src/terminal/formatter.zig
index 20dcf9a89..70cdd347b 100644
--- a/src/terminal/formatter.zig
+++ b/src/terminal/formatter.zig
@@ -225,24 +225,24 @@ pub const TerminalFormatter = struct {
                 .plain => break :palette,
 
                 .vt => {
-                for (self.terminal.colors.palette.current, 0..) |rgb, i| {
-                try writer.print(
-                "\x1b]4;{d};rgb:{x:0>2}/{x:0>2}/{x:0>2}\x1b\\",
-                .{ i, rgb.r, rgb.g, rgb.b },
-                );
-                }
+                    for (self.terminal.colors.palette.current, 0..) |rgb, i| {
+                        try writer.print(
+                            "\x1b]4;{d};rgb:{x:0>2}/{x:0>2}/{x:0>2}\x1b\\",
+                            .{ i, rgb.r, rgb.g, rgb.b },
+                        );
+                    }
                 },
 
                 // For HTML, we emit CSS to setup our palette variables.
                 .html => {
-                try writer.writeAll("<style>:root{");
-                for (self.terminal.colors.palette.current, 0..) |rgb, i| {
-                try writer.print(
-                "--vt-palette-{d}: #{x:0>2}{x:0>2}{x:0>2};",
-                .{ i, rgb.r, rgb.g, rgb.b },
-                );
-                }
-                try writer.writeAll("}</style>");
+                    try writer.writeAll("<style>:root{");
+                    for (self.terminal.colors.palette.current, 0..) |rgb, i| {
+                        try writer.print(
+                            "--vt-palette-{d}: #{x:0>2}{x:0>2}{x:0>2};",
+                            .{ i, rgb.r, rgb.g, rgb.b },
+                        );
+                    }
+                    try writer.writeAll("}</style>");
                 },
             }
 

From 799e4bca505142d71864b61e40385e916d80e9bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mitchell Hashimoto <m@mitchellh.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Oct 2025 10:07:42 -0700
Subject: [PATCH 6/6] example/zig-formatter: fix build for new palette API

---
 example/zig-formatter/src/main.zig | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/example/zig-formatter/src/main.zig b/example/zig-formatter/src/main.zig
index 87a8e4915..085b6d116 100644
--- a/example/zig-formatter/src/main.zig
+++ b/example/zig-formatter/src/main.zig
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ pub fn main() !void {
     // Use TerminalFormatter to emit HTML
     const formatter: ghostty_vt.formatter.TerminalFormatter = .init(&t, .{
         .emit = .html,
-        .palette = &t.color_palette.colors,
+        .palette = &t.colors.palette.current,
     });
 
     // Write to stdout