unwind_user/deferred: Add unwind_user_faultable()

Add a new API to retrieve a user space callstack called
unwind_user_faultable(). The difference between this user space stack
tracer from the current user space stack tracer is that this must be
called from faultable context as it may use routines to access user space
data that needs to be faulted in.

It can be safely called from entering or exiting a system call as the code
can still be faulted in there.

This code is based on work by Josh Poimboeuf's deferred unwinding code:

Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/6052e8487746603bdb29b65f4033e739092d9925.1737511963.git.jpoimboe@kernel.org/

Cc: Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@kernel.org>
Cc: Mathieu Desnoyers <mathieu.desnoyers@efficios.com>
Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@kernel.org>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org>
Cc: Jiri Olsa <jolsa@kernel.org>
Cc: Arnaldo Carvalho de Melo <acme@kernel.org>
Cc: Namhyung Kim <namhyung@kernel.org>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Andrii Nakryiko <andrii@kernel.org>
Cc: Indu Bhagat <indu.bhagat@oracle.com>
Cc: "Jose E. Marchesi" <jemarch@gnu.org>
Cc: Beau Belgrave <beaub@linux.microsoft.com>
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Cc: Florian Weimer <fweimer@redhat.com>
Cc: Sam James <sam@gentoo.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/20250729182405.147896868@kernel.org
Reviewed-by: Jens Remus <jremus@linux.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Steven Rostedt (Google) <rostedt@goodmis.org>

include/linux/sched.h

@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
 #include <linux/rv.h>
 #include <linux/uidgid_types.h>
 #include <linux/tracepoint-defs.h>
+#include <linux/unwind_deferred_types.h>
 #include <asm/kmap_size.h>
 
 /* task_struct member predeclarations (sorted alphabetically): */
@@ -1654,6 +1655,10 @@ struct task_struct {
 	struct user_event_mm		*user_event_mm;
 #endif
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_UNWIND_USER
+	struct unwind_task_info		unwind_info;
+#endif
+
 	/* CPU-specific state of this task: */
 	struct thread_struct		thread;
 

include/linux/unwind_deferred.h

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
+#ifndef _LINUX_UNWIND_USER_DEFERRED_H
+#define _LINUX_UNWIND_USER_DEFERRED_H
+
+#include <linux/unwind_user.h>
+#include <linux/unwind_deferred_types.h>
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_UNWIND_USER
+
+void unwind_task_init(struct task_struct *task);
+void unwind_task_free(struct task_struct *task);
+
+int unwind_user_faultable(struct unwind_stacktrace *trace);
+
+#else /* !CONFIG_UNWIND_USER */
+
+static inline void unwind_task_init(struct task_struct *task) {}
+static inline void unwind_task_free(struct task_struct *task) {}
+
+static inline int unwind_user_faultable(struct unwind_stacktrace *trace) { return -ENOSYS; }
+
+#endif /* !CONFIG_UNWIND_USER */
+
+#endif /* _LINUX_UNWIND_USER_DEFERRED_H */

include/linux/unwind_deferred_types.h

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
+#ifndef _LINUX_UNWIND_USER_DEFERRED_TYPES_H
+#define _LINUX_UNWIND_USER_DEFERRED_TYPES_H
+
+struct unwind_task_info {
+	unsigned long		*entries;
+};
+
+#endif /* _LINUX_UNWIND_USER_DEFERRED_TYPES_H */

kernel/fork.c

@@ -105,6 +105,7 @@
 #include <uapi/linux/pidfd.h>
 #include <linux/pidfs.h>
 #include <linux/tick.h>
+#include <linux/unwind_deferred.h>
 
 #include <asm/pgalloc.h>
 #include <linux/uaccess.h>
@@ -732,6 +733,7 @@ void __put_task_struct(struct task_struct *tsk)
 	WARN_ON(refcount_read(&tsk->usage));
 	WARN_ON(tsk == current);
 
+	unwind_task_free(tsk);
 	sched_ext_free(tsk);
 	io_uring_free(tsk);
 	cgroup_free(tsk);
@@ -2135,6 +2137,8 @@ __latent_entropy struct task_struct *copy_process(
 	p->bpf_ctx = NULL;
 #endif
 
+	unwind_task_init(p);
+
 	/* Perform scheduler related setup. Assign this task to a CPU. */
 	retval = sched_fork(clone_flags, p);
 	if (retval)

kernel/unwind/Makefile

@@ -1 +1 @@
- obj-$(CONFIG_UNWIND_USER) += user.o
+ obj-$(CONFIG_UNWIND_USER)	+= user.o deferred.o

kernel/unwind/deferred.c

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+/*
+ * Deferred user space unwinding
+ */
+#include <linux/kernel.h>
+#include <linux/sched.h>
+#include <linux/slab.h>
+#include <linux/unwind_deferred.h>
+
+#define UNWIND_MAX_ENTRIES 512
+
+/**
+ * unwind_user_faultable - Produce a user stacktrace in faultable context
+ * @trace: The descriptor that will store the user stacktrace
+ *
+ * This must be called in a known faultable context (usually when entering
+ * or exiting user space). Depending on the available implementations
+ * the @trace will be loaded with the addresses of the user space stacktrace
+ * if it can be found.
+ *
+ * Return: 0 on success and negative on error
+ *         On success @trace will contain the user space stacktrace
+ */
+int unwind_user_faultable(struct unwind_stacktrace *trace)
+{
+	struct unwind_task_info *info = &current->unwind_info;
+
+	/* Should always be called from faultable context */
+	might_fault();
+
+	if (current->flags & PF_EXITING)
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	if (!info->entries) {
+		info->entries = kmalloc_array(UNWIND_MAX_ENTRIES, sizeof(long),
+					      GFP_KERNEL);
+		if (!info->entries)
+			return -ENOMEM;
+	}
+
+	trace->nr = 0;
+	trace->entries = info->entries;
+	unwind_user(trace, UNWIND_MAX_ENTRIES);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+void unwind_task_init(struct task_struct *task)
+{
+	struct unwind_task_info *info = &task->unwind_info;
+
+	memset(info, 0, sizeof(*info));
+}
+
+void unwind_task_free(struct task_struct *task)
+{
+	struct unwind_task_info *info = &task->unwind_info;
+
+	kfree(info->entries);
+}