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Christian Brauner 576ee5dfd4 fs: add immutable rootfs
Currently pivot_root() doesn't work on the real rootfs because it
cannot be unmounted. Userspace has to do a recursive removal of the
initramfs contents manually before continuing the boot.

Really all we want from the real rootfs is to serve as the parent mount
for anything that is actually useful such as the tmpfs or ramfs for
initramfs unpacking or the rootfs itself. There's no need for the real
rootfs to actually be anything meaningful or useful. Add a immutable
rootfs called "nullfs" that can be selected via the "nullfs_rootfs"
kernel command line option.

The kernel will mount a tmpfs/ramfs on top of it, unpack the initramfs
and fire up userspace which mounts the rootfs and can then just do:

  chdir(rootfs);
  pivot_root(".", ".");
  umount2(".", MNT_DETACH);

and be done with it. (Ofc, userspace can also choose to retain the
initramfs contents by using something like pivot_root(".", "/initramfs")
without unmounting it.)

Technically this also means that the rootfs mount in unprivileged
namespaces doesn't need to become MNT_LOCKED anymore as it's guaranteed
that the immutable rootfs remains permanently empty so there cannot be
anything revealed by unmounting the covering mount.

In the future this will also allow us to create completely empty mount
namespaces without risking to leak anything.

systemd already handles this all correctly as it tries to pivot_root()
first and falls back to MS_MOVE only when that fails.

This goes back to various discussion in previous years and a LPC 2024
presentation about this very topic.

Link: https://patch.msgid.link/20260112-work-immutable-rootfs-v2-3-88dd1c34a204@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
2026-01-12 16:52:09 +01:00
Documentation Misc fixes: 2025-12-14 06:07:09 +12:00
LICENSES LICENSES: Add modern form of the LGPL-2.1 tags to the usage guide section 2025-10-22 07:58:19 +02:00
arch Misc fixes: 2025-12-14 06:10:35 +12:00
block block-6.19-20251211 2025-12-12 22:04:18 +12:00
certs sign-file,extract-cert: use pkcs11 provider for OPENSSL MAJOR >= 3 2024-09-20 19:52:48 +03:00
crypto Networking changes for 6.19. 2025-12-03 17:24:33 -08:00
drivers SCSI misc on 20251214 2025-12-14 15:35:35 +12:00
fs fs: add immutable rootfs 2026-01-12 16:52:09 +01:00
include fs: add immutable rootfs 2026-01-12 16:52:09 +01:00
init fs: add immutable rootfs 2026-01-12 16:52:09 +01:00
io_uring io_uring-6.19-20251211 2025-12-12 22:01:32 +12:00
ipc Significant patch series in this pull request: 2025-12-06 14:01:20 -08:00
kernel Fix CPU hotplug callbacks to disable interrupts on UP kernels. 2025-12-14 06:12:46 +12:00
lib Miscellaneous fixes: 2025-12-14 06:04:16 +12:00
mm There are no significant series in this small merge. Please see the 2025-12-13 20:55:12 +12:00
net We have a patch that adds an initial set of tracepoints to the MDS 2025-12-14 15:24:10 +12:00
rust USB/Thunderbolt changes for 6.19-rc1 2025-12-06 18:42:12 -08:00
samples USB/Thunderbolt changes for 6.19-rc1 2025-12-06 18:42:12 -08:00
scripts There are no significant series in this small merge. Please see the 2025-12-13 20:55:12 +12:00
security Trivial optimization. 2025-12-14 15:21:02 +12:00
sound soundwire updates for 6.19 2025-12-13 16:26:55 +12:00
tools Futex changes for v6.19: 2025-12-10 17:21:30 +09:00
usr initramfs: add gen_init_cpio to hostprogs unconditionally 2025-11-26 21:55:40 +01:00
virt soc: driver updates for 6.19 2025-12-05 17:29:04 -08:00
.clang-format Significant patch series in this merge are as follows: 2025-12-05 13:52:43 -08:00
.clippy.toml rust: clean Rust 1.88.0's warning about `clippy::disallowed_macros` configuration 2025-05-07 00:11:47 +02:00
.cocciconfig
.editorconfig .editorconfig: remove trim_trailing_whitespace option 2024-06-13 16:47:52 +02:00
.get_maintainer.ignore MAINTAINERS: remove Alyssa Rosenzweig 2025-09-18 21:17:31 +02:00
.gitattributes .gitattributes: set diff driver for Rust source code files 2023-05-31 17:48:25 +02:00
.gitignore rust: kbuild: add proc macro library support 2025-11-24 17:15:36 +01:00
.mailmap Significant patch series in this pull request: 2025-12-06 14:01:20 -08:00
.pylintrc docs: Move the python libraries to tools/lib/python 2025-11-18 09:22:40 -07:00
.rustfmt.toml rust: add `.rustfmt.toml` 2022-09-28 09:02:20 +02:00
COPYING COPYING: state that all contributions really are covered by this file 2020-02-10 13:32:20 -08:00
CREDITS phy-for-6.19 2025-12-09 06:31:47 +09:00
Kbuild sched: Make migrate_{en,dis}able() inline 2025-09-25 09:57:16 +02:00
Kconfig io_uring: Rename KConfig to Kconfig 2025-02-19 14:53:27 -07:00
MAINTAINERS Patch series in this pull request: 2025-12-13 20:35:41 +12:00
Makefile Linux 6.19-rc1 2025-12-14 16:05:07 +12:00
README README: restructure with role-based documentation and guidelines 2025-11-29 08:40:33 -07:00

README

Linux kernel
============

The Linux kernel is the core of any Linux operating system. It manages hardware,
system resources, and provides the fundamental services for all other software.

Quick Start
-----------

* Report a bug: See Documentation/admin-guide/reporting-issues.rst
* Get the latest kernel: https://kernel.org
* Build the kernel: See Documentation/admin-guide/quickly-build-trimmed-linux.rst
* Join the community: https://lore.kernel.org/

Essential Documentation
-----------------------

All users should be familiar with:

* Building requirements: Documentation/process/changes.rst
* Code of Conduct: Documentation/process/code-of-conduct.rst
* License: See COPYING

Documentation can be built with make htmldocs or viewed online at:
https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/


Who Are You?
============

Find your role below:

* New Kernel Developer - Getting started with kernel development
* Academic Researcher - Studying kernel internals and architecture
* Security Expert - Hardening and vulnerability analysis
* Backport/Maintenance Engineer - Maintaining stable kernels
* System Administrator - Configuring and troubleshooting
* Maintainer - Leading subsystems and reviewing patches
* Hardware Vendor - Writing drivers for new hardware
* Distribution Maintainer - Packaging kernels for distros


For Specific Users
==================

New Kernel Developer
--------------------

Welcome! Start your kernel development journey here:

* Getting Started: Documentation/process/development-process.rst
* Your First Patch: Documentation/process/submitting-patches.rst
* Coding Style: Documentation/process/coding-style.rst
* Build System: Documentation/kbuild/index.rst
* Development Tools: Documentation/dev-tools/index.rst
* Kernel Hacking Guide: Documentation/kernel-hacking/hacking.rst
* Core APIs: Documentation/core-api/index.rst

Academic Researcher
-------------------

Explore the kernel's architecture and internals:

* Researcher Guidelines: Documentation/process/researcher-guidelines.rst
* Memory Management: Documentation/mm/index.rst
* Scheduler: Documentation/scheduler/index.rst
* Networking Stack: Documentation/networking/index.rst
* Filesystems: Documentation/filesystems/index.rst
* RCU (Read-Copy Update): Documentation/RCU/index.rst
* Locking Primitives: Documentation/locking/index.rst
* Power Management: Documentation/power/index.rst

Security Expert
---------------

Security documentation and hardening guides:

* Security Documentation: Documentation/security/index.rst
* LSM Development: Documentation/security/lsm-development.rst
* Self Protection: Documentation/security/self-protection.rst
* Reporting Vulnerabilities: Documentation/process/security-bugs.rst
* CVE Procedures: Documentation/process/cve.rst
* Embargoed Hardware Issues: Documentation/process/embargoed-hardware-issues.rst
* Security Features: Documentation/userspace-api/seccomp_filter.rst

Backport/Maintenance Engineer
-----------------------------

Maintain and stabilize kernel versions:

* Stable Kernel Rules: Documentation/process/stable-kernel-rules.rst
* Backporting Guide: Documentation/process/backporting.rst
* Applying Patches: Documentation/process/applying-patches.rst
* Subsystem Profile: Documentation/maintainer/maintainer-entry-profile.rst
* Git for Maintainers: Documentation/maintainer/configure-git.rst

System Administrator
--------------------

Configure, tune, and troubleshoot Linux systems:

* Admin Guide: Documentation/admin-guide/index.rst
* Kernel Parameters: Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.rst
* Sysctl Tuning: Documentation/admin-guide/sysctl/index.rst
* Tracing/Debugging: Documentation/trace/index.rst
* Performance Security: Documentation/admin-guide/perf-security.rst
* Hardware Monitoring: Documentation/hwmon/index.rst

Maintainer
----------

Lead kernel subsystems and manage contributions:

* Maintainer Handbook: Documentation/maintainer/index.rst
* Pull Requests: Documentation/maintainer/pull-requests.rst
* Managing Patches: Documentation/maintainer/modifying-patches.rst
* Rebasing and Merging: Documentation/maintainer/rebasing-and-merging.rst
* Development Process: Documentation/process/maintainer-handbooks.rst
* Maintainer Entry Profile: Documentation/maintainer/maintainer-entry-profile.rst
* Git Configuration: Documentation/maintainer/configure-git.rst

Hardware Vendor
---------------

Write drivers and support new hardware:

* Driver API Guide: Documentation/driver-api/index.rst
* Driver Model: Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/driver.rst
* Device Drivers: Documentation/driver-api/infrastructure.rst
* Bus Types: Documentation/driver-api/driver-model/bus.rst
* Device Tree Bindings: Documentation/devicetree/bindings/
* Power Management: Documentation/driver-api/pm/index.rst
* DMA API: Documentation/core-api/dma-api.rst

Distribution Maintainer
-----------------------

Package and distribute the kernel:

* Stable Kernel Rules: Documentation/process/stable-kernel-rules.rst
* ABI Documentation: Documentation/ABI/README
* Kernel Configuration: Documentation/kbuild/kconfig.rst
* Module Signing: Documentation/admin-guide/module-signing.rst
* Kernel Parameters: Documentation/admin-guide/kernel-parameters.rst
* Tainted Kernels: Documentation/admin-guide/tainted-kernels.rst



Communication and Support
=========================

* Mailing Lists: https://lore.kernel.org/
* IRC: #kernelnewbies on irc.oftc.net
* Bugzilla: https://bugzilla.kernel.org/
* MAINTAINERS file: Lists subsystem maintainers and mailing lists
* Email Clients: Documentation/process/email-clients.rst